Effect of postoperative goal-directed therapy in cancer patients undergoing high-risk surgery: a randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic therapy (GDHT) has been advocated in high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that using cardiac index (CI)-guided GDHT in the postoperative period for patients undergoing high-risk surgery for cancer treatment would reduce 30-day mortality and postoperative complications. METHODS: A randomized, parallel-group, superiority trial was performed in a tertiary oncology hospital. All adult patients undergoing high-risk cancer surgery who required intensive care unit admission were randomly allocated to a CI-guided GDHT group or to a usual care group. In the GDHT group, postoperative therapy aimed at CI ≥ 2.5 L/min/m2 using fluids, inotropes and red blood cells during the first 8 postoperative hours. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of 30-day all-cause mortality and severe postoperative complications during the hospital stay. A meta-analysis was also conducted including all randomized trials of postoperative GDHT published from 1966 to May 2017. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients (64 in each group) were randomized. The primary outcome occurred in 34 patients of the GDHT group and in 28 patients of the usual care group (53.1% vs 43.8%, absolute difference 9.4 (95% CI, - 7.8 to 25.8); p = 0.3). During the 8-h intervention period more patients in the GDHT group received dobutamine when compared to the usual care group (55% vs 16%, p < 0.001). A meta-analysis of nine randomized trials showed no differences in postoperative mortality (risk ratio 0.85, 95% CI 0.59-1.23; p = 0.4; p for heterogeneity = 0.7; I2 = 0%) and in the overall complications rate (risk ratio 0.88, 95% CI 0.71-1.08; p = 0.2; p for heterogeneity = 0.07; I2 = 48%), but a reduced hospital length of stay in the GDHT group (mean difference (MD) - 1.6; 95% CI - 2.75 to - 0.46; p = 0.006; p for heterogeneity = 0.002; I2 = 74%). CONCLUSIONS: CI-guided hemodynamic therapy in the first 8 postoperative hours does not reduce 30-day mortality and severe complications during hospital stay when compared to usual care in cancer patients undergoing high-risk surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT01946269 . Registered on 16 September 2013.

A pragmatic multi-center trial of goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative fluid therapy guided by mechanical ventilation-induced pulse-pressure variation (PPV) may improve outcomes after major surgery. We tested this hypothesis in a multi-center study. METHODS: The patients were included in two periods: a first control period (control group; n = 147) in which intraoperative fluids were given according to clinical judgment. After a training period, intraoperative fluid management was titrated to maintain PPV < 10% in 109 surgical patients (PPV group). We performed 1:1 propensity score matching to ensure the groups were comparable with regard to age, weight, duration of surgery, and type of operation. The primary endpoint was postoperative hospital length of stay. RESULTS: After matching, 84 patients remained in each group. Baseline characteristics, surgical procedure duration and physiological parameters evaluated at the start of surgery were similar between the groups. The volume of crystalloids (4500 mL [3200-6500 mL] versus 5000 mL [3750-8862 mL]; P = 0.01), the number of blood units infused during the surgery (1.7 U [0.9-2.0 U] versus 2.0 U [1.7-2.6 U]; P = 0.01), the fraction of patients transfused (13.1% versus 32.1%; P = 0.003) and the number of patients receiving mechanical ventilation at 24 h (3.2% versus 9.7%; P = 0.027) were smaller postoperatively in PPV group. Intraoperative PPV-based improved the composite outcome of postoperative complications OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.35-0.99] and reduced the postoperative hospital length of stay (8 days [6-14 days] versus 11 days [7-18 days]; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk surgeries, PPV-directed volume loading improved postoperative outcomes and decreased the postoperative hospital length of stay. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier; retrospectively registered- NCT03128190.

Changes in surgical conduct due to the results of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is extremely useful in surgeries like valvuloplasty, of the thoracic aorta, and correction of congenital cardiopathies. The low degree of invasiveness and the capacity to aggregate information that can change the course of the surgery are among the advantages of TEE. The objective of this report was to present a case in which the surgical conduct was changed due to a new diagnosis provided by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and to emphasize the importance of using the transesophageal echo in surgeries to correct congenital cardiopathies. CASE REPORT: A 28-year old female, ASA II, with a history of dyspnea progressing from medium to small efforts was referred by another department for elective surgical correction of stenosis of the pulmonary valve diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed patent foramen ovale, infundibular stenosis of the right ventricular outlet, and perimembranous subaortic interventricular communication (IVC) of 0.4 cm with left to right shunt. After beginning ECC, the above mentioned diagnoses were confirmed and the surgery included closure of the foramen ovale and IVC, and resection of the infundibular stenosis. Intraoperative intercurrences were not observed and the patient was intubated when she was transferred to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Transesophageal echocardiography is extremely useful in patients undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiopathies because, besides helping the hemodynamic management, it can provide new information capable of improving the final result of the surgery.

Mudança de conduta cirúrgica motivada pela ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória / Changes in surgical conduct due to the results of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography / Cambio de conducta quirúrgica motivada por la ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A utilização da ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) é de valor indiscutível em procedimentos cirúrgicos como valvoplastias, cirurgias da aorta torácica e correções de cardiopatias congênitas. Entre as grandes vantagens da utilização da ETE destacam-se a pouca invasividade do método e a capacidade de agregar informações que podem alterar o curso da cirurgia. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar um caso onde a condução cirúrgica da paciente foi alterada em decorrência de novos diagnósticos feitos pela ecocardiografia transesofágica no intraoperatório e ressaltar a importância da utilização do eco transesofágico em cirurgias para correção de cardiopatia congênita. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 28 anos, ASA II, com história de dispneia progressiva aos médios e depois pequenos esforços, veio encaminhada de outro serviço para correção cirúrgica eletiva de estenose da valva pulmonar diagnosticada pela ecocardiografia transtorácica. A ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória evidenciou presença do forâmen oval patente, estenose infundibular da via de saída do ventrículo direito e comunicação interventricular (CIV) perimembranosa subaórtica medindo 0,4 cm com fluxo da esquerda para direita. Após a entrada da paciente em circulação extracorpórea foram confirmados os diagnósticos mencionados acima, e a cirurgia realizada incluiu o fechamento do forâmen oval e da CIV e a ressecção da estenose do infundíbulo. Não houve intercorrências cirúrgicas, e a paciente foi encaminhada intubada para a unidade de terapia intensiva. CONCLUSÕES: A ecocardiografia transesofágica em pacientes submetidos à correção de cardiopatia congênita é de extrema utilidade, pois, além de ajudar no manejo hemodinâmico do paciente, pode trazer novas informações, capazes de melhorar o resultado final da cirurgia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is extremely useful in surgeries like valvuloplasty, of the thoracic aorta, and correction of congenital cardiopathies. The low degree of invasiveness and the capacity to aggregate information that can change the course of the surgery are among the advantages of TEE. The objective of this report was to present a case in which the surgical conduct was changed due to a new diagnosis provided by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and to emphasize the importance of using the transesophageal echo in surgeries to correct congenital cardiopathies. CASE REPORT: A 28-year old female, ASA II, with a history of dyspnea progressing from medium to small efforts was referred by another department for elective surgical correction of stenosis of the pulmonary valve diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed patent foramen ovale, infundibular stenosis of the right ventricular outlet, and perimembranous subaortic interventricular communication (IVC) of 0.4 cm with left to right shunt. After beginning ECC, the above mentioned diagnoses were confirmed and the surgery included closure of the foramen ovale and IVC, and resection of the infundibular stenosis. Intraoperative intercurrences were not observed and the patient was intubated when she was transferred to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Transesophageal echocardiography is extremely useful in patients undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiopathies because, besides helping the hemodynamic management, it can provide new information capable of improving the final result of the surgery.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La utilización de la ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) es de un valor indiscutible en los procedimientos quirúrgicos como valvuloplastias, cirugías de la aorta torácica y correcciones de cardiopatías congénitas. Entre las grandes ventajas de la utilización de la ETE se destacan la poca invasión del método y la capacidad de agregar informaciones que pueden alterar el curso de la cirugía. El objetivo de este relato fue presentar un caso donde la conducción quirúrgica de la paciente fue alterada como consecuencia de nuevos diagnósticos detectados por la ecocardiografía transesofágica en el intraoperatorio y resaltar la importancia de la utilización del eco transesofágico en las cirugías para la corrección de la cardiopatía congénita. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 28 años, ASA II, con historial de disnea progresiva a los medios y después de pequeños esfuerzos. Llegó remitida de otro servicio para la corrección quirúrgica electiva de estenosis de la valva pulmonar diagnosticada por la ecocardiografía transtorácica. La ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria arrojó la presencia del foramen oval patente, estenosis infundibular de la vía de salida del ventrículo derecho y comunicación interventricular (CIV) perimembranosa subaórtica, midiendo 0,4 cm con flujo de la izquierda hacia la derecha. Después que la paciente entró en circulación extracorpórea, fueron confirmados los diagnósticos mencionados anteriormente y la cirugía realizada incluye el cierre del foramen oval y de la CIV, y la resección de la estenosis del infundíbulo. No se registraron intercurrencias quirúrgicas, y la paciente fue derivada, ya intubada, a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. CONCLUSIONES: La ecocardiografía transesofágica en pacientes sometidos a la corrección de cardiopatía congénita es de extrema utilidad, porque además de ayudar en el manejo hemodinámico del paciente, puede traer nuevas informaciones, capaces de...